Friday, September 19, 2008

奶粉的问题

奶粉的问题已经成了全世界关注的问题。梁文道的节目中请来了一位商学院的教授,教授振振有词地说三鹿会成为一个典型的商学院案例,还细致分析了各道环节中存在的问题。现在商学院中的“诚信”,是一个外来词,不过最早的翻译让这个词出现歧义,如果将“诚信”一词译为英文,不是honesty,就是 loyalty。大错特错了,英文中的”诚信“是integrity,市场诚信是一个系统,所以有”system intergration“。简单一点,就是任何一个环节都要保证。回顾美国历史上任何一次大型企业的危机,世通、安然,无不是中间的一个环节出了问题,最后导致全线崩溃。因此中文中的”诚信“与商业无关,如果一定要求从商者都有非常高的道德水准,或许就没有商业了。

格罗斯、芒格、罗杰斯,这些世界一流的投资大师,推荐的数目无不是历史,从不会包含哈佛商业评论之类的快餐书籍。商学院那套东西,是讲给学生和低级管理人员听的。

再把问题深入一点,奶站为了掺水,加入有害化学物质,是为了追求更高的商业利益。追求利益没有错,这是商业的本质,但越过了道德和法律的界限,特别是道德上的界限,用中国人的话就是”伤天害理“。除了奶粉,还有像年初的日本毒饺子事件,为什么这样的事情总是在中国发生?多年前我读人大哲学系教授何光沪的一本小书《有心无题》,其中一篇”道德滑坡与改革开放“,有一段如下:”包括经济、政治、文化等方面的社会制度与社会道德之间,从来是相互作用的。这种相互作用是一种复杂的历史事实,不能靠纯粹的逻辑推理来作预测,所以,历史会给我们开这样的玩笑:一种符合良好的道德规范或道德理想的制度,有时会对道德产生巨大的负面作用。“今天中国社会之所以犯罪率高企、道德沦丧,并不是因为改革开放本身,而是因为过去很长的时间人性压抑,现在反弹了……有点像股市啊。

一位在法院工作的朋友告诉过我,到城里务工的农民,小夫妻俩,男的在工地上打工,女的就在工地旁的窝棚里卖淫。一天上工结束,女的在屋里XX,男的拿着手表守在门外,一分钟10元。这还是几年前的价格,现在多少不清楚。某些学者还就”城市民工的性生活问题“做过专题的研究。一个人连饭都吃不饱,他还怎么考虑道德呢?这是符合人性的规律。奶粉的问题和这个大同小异,差别就在奶农生活水准比民工高一点,但同样都缺钱。

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昨天凤凰资讯中石齐平讲到美国还有一个叫”ALT-A“新东西,比CDS更可怕。ALT-A也是一种次级债,申请这种贷款的贷款人不需要任何证明,游戏规则如下:前三年利率极低,第4年开始逐步大幅提高利率,最后的利率会远远超过市场平均水平。ALT-A从06年开始的,目前有1万亿美元的规模,到09年的时候,前三年的低息结束,然后就是升息。按照美国目前的境况,不敢想啊……

Wiki上的注解:
Revaluation of risk
During the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis, Alt-A mortgages came under particular scrutiny.
One problem associated with Alt-A loans is the lack of necessary proof or documentation needed to be approved for a loan. Thus, lenders may be inclined to suggest borrowers skew their incomes or assets in order to qualify for a larger loan; in the long run, the borrowers may turn out to be unable to afford their payments but the lenders still collect a hefty profit. Because Alt-A loans are also the financing of choice for most non-owner occupied, investment properties, as a class they represent a far greater likelihood of borrower default than conventional, conforming mortgages, since people are more likely to abandon a property in which they do not live than they are to risk losing their primary homes. As of 2008, there was strong evidence of weakness among securities backed by Alt-A mortgages for reasons similar to the crisis in those backed by subprime.
Because Alt-A loans were not primarily purchased by the GSEs, they thus became more expensive and much harder to find as a result of the general crisis in markets for mortgage-backed securities. Alt-A loans were still available from individual institutions which held them "in portfolio" rather than re-selling them to investors, and as of mid-2008 there was a strong push for the FNMA and FHLMC to be permitted to buy more of them. However, the interest rates in this lending category increased substantially between 2006 and 2008 as a result of the shrinking secondary market.

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两地指数今天涨停,涨停不是因为买盘足够强大,而是因为没有抛盘。开盘就跳空了8%。但9:20-9:25,成交了36.26亿,开盘第一分钟成交了大概43亿,抛盘不是没有,只是还没出来。A股在2000点的位置,已经不贵了,但还不够便宜。

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